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Part-3


12-egp vd;W $WNthH tUtH

,UngUk; FOf;fspilNa ngUk; NghH Vw;gl;L> mit xd;Wld; xd;W rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;shjtiu kWik ehs; tuhJ. me;j ,U FOf;fs; Kd; itf;Fk; thjKk; xd;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> Vwj;jho Kg;gJ ngUk; ngha;aHfshf j[;[hy;fs; (cyfpy;) Njhd;whj tiu kWik ehs; tuhJ. mtHfspy; xt;nthUtUk; jd;id egp vd;W thjhLthd; vd;W egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH: mG+|`{iuuh (uyp) E}y;-GfhhP 3609.

egp (]y;) mtHfs;jhd; ,Wjp egp vd;gJ ,];yhkpa ek;gpf;if MFk;. jd;id egp vd;W rpyH thjpl;l epiy egp (]y;) mtHfspd; fhyj;jpNyNa Vw;gl;lJ. akhkhg; gFjpapy; Ki]ykh vd;gtd; jd;id egp vd;W thjpl;lhd;. ,td; mG+gf;fH (uyp) mtHfspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. ,Nj Nghy; akd; gFjpapy; m];tj; ,g;D md;]pa;A vd;gtd; jd;id egp vd;W mwptpj;jhd;. ,tDk; egp (]y;) mtHfspd; fhyj;jpNyNa nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. mG+gf;fH (uyp) mtHfspd; fhyj;jpy; Jiy`h ,g;D Fitypj; vd;gtd; jd;id egp vd;whd;. ][h`;  vd;w ngz;Zk; jd;id egp vd;W $wpdhs;. ,e;j ,UtUk; gpd;dH kdk; jpUe;jp ,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;J tpl;ldH vd mwpaKbfpwJ.

`p[;hP 60 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Kf;jhH ,g;D mgP cikj; ]f/gP vd;gtd; jd;id egp vd;W thjpl;lhd;. mtDk; nfhy;yg;glhd;. mg;Jy; kypf; ,g;D kHthd; mtHfspd; fhyj;jpy; `hhp]; vd;gtd; jd;id egp vd;whd;> mtDk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. mg;gh]pahf;fspd; Ml;rpapd; NghJk; gyH jq;fis egp vd;W thjpl;ljhfg; ghHf;fpNwhk;.

,Nj Nghy; jd;id egp vd gQ;rhg; khepyk; fhjpahd; vDk; Chpy; gpwe;j kpH]h Fyhk; m`;kj; vd;gtd; thjpl;lhd;. 1839-1908y; tho;e;jtd; ,td;. m`;kjpah vd;w ngahpy; Gjpa kjk; fz;lhd;. ,d;Wk; $l mtdpd; fUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;l rpyH cz;L. ,g;gb gyUk; jd;id egp vd thjpl;NlhH cz;L. gyUk; egp vd thjpl;lhYk; rw;W gykhd ,d;W thjpLNthH Kg;gJ ngha;aHfs; jhd;. egp (]y;) mtHfSk; ,jdhy; jhd; Kg;gJ vd;W vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;.

jd;id egp vdf; $wp nfhs;Sk; egHfs; tUtH vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpajpypUe;J> mg;gbf; $wpatHfs; te;Js;sdH vd;gij mwptjpypUe;Jk; kWik ehs; ntF tpiutpy; tUk; vd;gJ cWjpahfpwJ.

13-G+fk;gk; mjpfhpf;Fk;

fy;tp mfw;wg;gLk;> G+fk;gq;fs; mjpfhpf;Fk;> fhyk; RUq;Fk;> Fog;gq;fs; Njhd;Wk;> nfhiy mjpfhpf;Fk;> nry;tk; nfhopf;Fk;  mJtiu kWik epfohJ vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhHfs; mwptpg;gtH : mG+`{iuuh (uyp) E}y;-GfhhP.

<uhd;> vfpg;J> ,e;NjhNdrpah> rPdh> [g;ghd;> mnkhpf;fh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; ngUk;ngUk; G+fk;gq;fs; epfo;e;jd. ,Jkhjphp ,dp G+fk;gq;fs; mbf;fb mjpf mstpy; epfOk; vd tpQ;Qhdpfs; mwptpj;Js;sdH. G+fk;gq;fs; mjpf mstpy; epfo;tJk; kWik ehs; rkPgj;jpy; tu cs;sJ vd;gij giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.

jtwhd njhopYk; ey;yJ vd MFk;

xU fhyk; tUk;> mg;NghJ kf;fs; jhq;fs; rk;ghjpg;git `yhyh `uhkh? (mDkjpf;fg;gl;litah ,y;iyah?) vd;gij nghUl;gLj;j khl;lhHfs; vd;W egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs; - mwptpg;ghsH : mG+ `{iuuh (uyp) E}y; - GfhhP.

ey;y topapy; rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;j fhyk; vy;yhk; Ngha;tpl;lJ. gzk; Ntz;Lk;> nrhj;Jg; ngUf Ntz;Lk; mjw;F ve;j njhopyhapDk; nra;aj; jahH vd;w vz;zj;jw;F kdpjd; te;Jtpl;lhd;. jhd; nra;Ak; njhopy; %yk; r%fNk ghjpf;Fk; vd;W njhpe;jhYk; me;jj; njhopiyNa nra;fpwhd;.

,iwtdpd; Nfhgj;ijg; ngw;Wj;jUk; njhopy; ,J vdj; njhpe;Jk; me;jj; njhopiyNa nra;fpwhd;. mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? ,y;iyah? vd;w rpe;jid vy;yhk; Ngha; tpl;lJ. eha; tpw;wf; fhR Fiwf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;Wk;> rhuhak; tpw;wfhR Nghijahfptplg; Nghtjpy;iy fUthL tpw;wf; fhR ehwhJ vd;W $Wk; msTf;F jtwhd njhopYk; ey;y njhopy; vd Mfp tpl;lJ. ,JTk; kWik ehs; ,Njh tug; NghfpwJ vd;W fl;bak; $WfpwJ vdyhk;.

gs;spthry;fs; ngUikf;fhf mikAk;

kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ngUikabj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; gs;spthriyf; fl;LtH. ,J kWik ehspd; milahsq;fspy; xd;whFk; vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpdhHfs; : mwpg;ghsH md]; (uyp) E}y; - e]aP.

gs;spthry; njhOtjw;fhf mikf;fgLfpd;w xd;W. ,iwr; rpe;jid rpe;jpf;f> ,iwtid tzq;f> mtid epidT $w gs;spthry; mtrpak; MFk;. Mdhy; ,d;W gs;spthry;fNsh Mlk;gu milahsq;fshf khwp epw;fpd;wd.

100 NgH kl;Lk; thOk; gFjpfspy; 10>000 NgH epd;W njhOk; msTf;F gs;spthry; miktijf; fhzyhk;. Rpy CHfspNyh gs;spthriy moF gLj;JfpNwhk; vd;w ngahpy; Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nfhl;br; rPuopg;gijf; fhzyhk;. vq;f@H gs;spthrNy ngUk; gs;sp vd;W $wpl ngUik nfhs;s gs;spthry; fl;blq;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gNj cz;ik. ,JTk; kWik tu cs;sJ vd;gij mwpTWj;JfpwJ.

,iw ek;gpf;if (<khdpy;) jLkhw;wk;

fpahkj; ehspd; Muk;gj;jpy; (Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;) ,utpd; ,Us; Nghy; Fog;gq;fs; Vw;gLk;. fhiyapy; %/kpdhf ,Ue;jtd;> khiyapy; fhgpuhfp tpLthd;. rpyH jq;fspd; khHf;fj;ij ,t;Tyfg; nghUl;fSf;fhf tpw;ghHfs; vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : md]; ,g;D khypf; (uyp) E}y; - jpHkpjP> m`;kj;.

fhiyapy; %/kpdhf ,Ue;jtd; khiyapy; fhgpuhfp tpLthd;. khiyapy; %/kpdhf ,Ue;jtd;> fhiyapy; fhgpuhfp tpLthd; vd;gij `]d; g]hP (u`;) mtHfs; tpsf;Fk; NghJ> gpwuJ capH> clik> khpahij Mfpatw;iwg; NgZgtdhf fhiyapy; ,Ue;jtd;> khiyapy; mtw;iwg; gwpf;ff; $batdhf Mthd;. mJNghy; khiyapy; gpwuJ capH> clik> fz;zpak; Mfpatw;iwg; Ngzpatd;> fhiyapy; mtw;iwg; gwpg;gtdhf ,Ug;ghd; vd;W $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : `p\hk; - E}y; : jpHkpjP.

jd;id %/kpd; vd;Wk; $Wk; gyhplk;> <khd; ,tHfsplk; cs;sjh? vd;W vz;Zk; msTf;F mtHfspd; nray;fs; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. khHf;fj;ij mw;gf;fhRf;Fk;> gjtpf;Fk; khw;wpf; nfhs;NthH cz;L. ,J %/kpd;fsplk; <khdpy; Vw;gLk; jLkhw;wk; vdyhk;. ,j;jifaj; jLkhw;w epiy kWik ehs; tug; NghfpwJ vd;gijNa cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

K];ypkhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhd;

jt;]; ,dg; ngz;fspd; Gl;lq;fs;> Jy;fy]h flTs; rpiyfiar; Rw;wp mirahj tiu kWik ehs; tuhJ. Jy;fy]h vd;gJ mwpahikf; fhyj;jpy; jt;]; ,d kf;fs; topgl;L te;j epiyahFk; vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpdhHfs; mwptpg;ghsH : mG+ `{iuuh (uyp) E}y; - GfhhP 7116).

mG+ `{iuuh (uyp) mtHfs; ,e;j jt;]; Fyj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfNs. ,f;Fyj;jhH ,];yhj;ijf; iftpl;L ,iwkWg;Gf;Fj; jpUk;gptpLtH. xopf;fg;gl;l Jy;fy]h rpiy topghL kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;Fk;. mf;Fyg; ngz;fs; Nghl;bapl;Lf; nfhz;L nehprypy; me;jr; rpiyiar; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp tUtH. epiyik ,t;tsT J}uk; NkhrkhFk; msTf;F khHf;fk; Mjutw;Wg; Ngha;tpLk;. mjd; gpd;dNu cyf mopTehs; tUk;. (/gj;`{y; ghhP).

,g;G+kpapy; my;yh`;> my;yh`; vd;W $wf;$batH ,y;yhky; NghFk; tiu kWik ehs; tuhJ vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : md]; (uyp) E}y;fs; - K];ypk;> jpHkpjP> m`;kj;.

kWik ehs; neUq;Fk; Ntisapy; %/kpd;fis Njb miya Ntz;baNj Vw;gLk;. ,g;NghJk; $l %/kpd;fs; vd;W jq;fisr; $wpf; nfhs;Nthhplk; <khdpa milahsq;fNsh> ,];yhkpa eltbf;iffNsh ,Ug;gJ mhpJjhd;.

,];yhj;jpy; ,izAk; Kd; jq;fspd; Fynja;tkhf tzq;fpa rpiyfSf;F> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; msTf;F K];ypk;fs; vd;W $wpf; nfhs;Nthhpd; egHfspd; epiy khwptpLk;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhfNt jt;]; ,dj;jtH gw;wp egp (]y;) mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;.

rpwpa mstpyhd khw;wk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; my;yh`; vd;W $Wk; egHfNs ,y;yhky; NghFk; msTf;F khwptpLk;. mg;NghJ kWikehs; tUk; vd;W egp (]y;) $WtjpypUe;Jk;> me;j khw;wj;ij Nehf;fp K];ypk;fspy; gyH nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;gjpypUe;Jk; kWik ehs; kpf rkPgj;jpy; epfog; NghfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.

14-(nghpa) gj;J milahsq;fs;

rpwpa mstpy; Vw;gLk; milahsq;fs; my;yhky; ngUk; milahsq;fshf gj;J milahsq;fisAk; egp (]y;) mtHfs; $WfpwhHfs;.

Gif %l;lk;> j[;[hy;> (mjprag;) gpuhzp> #hpad; Nkw;fpypUe;J cjpg;gJ> <]h egp (miy ,wq;fp tUtJ> a`;[{[; - k`;[{[; $l;lj;jpdH tUtJ. fpof;Nf xd;W> Nkw;Nf xd;W> muG jPgg;gFjpapy; xd;W vd %d;W epyr;rhpTfs; (G+fk;gq;fs;) epfo;tJ. ,tw;wpy; ,Wjpahf akdpypUe;J Gwg;gLk; jPg;gpsk;G kf;fis tpul;b xd;wpizf;Fjy; Mfpa gj;J milahsq;fis ePq;fs; fhZk; tiu kWik ehs; tuhJ vd;W egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : `{ijgh (uyp) E}y; - K];ypk;.

,e;j gj;J milahsq;fSk; njhlHe;J Vw;gl;lJk;> mjd; gpd; cyfk; mopAk;. kWik epfOk; vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $WfpwhHfs;.

#hpad; Nkw;fpypUe;J cjpg;gJ> j[;[hy;> mjprag; gpuhzp Mfpa %d;W milahsq;fs; Njhd;wp tpLkhapd;> mtw;Wf;Fk; Kd; ,iw ek;gpf;if (<khd;) nfhz;bUe;jhy; jtpu> vtUf;Fk; mtuJ <khd; (,iw ek;gpf;if) gadspf;fhJ vd;W egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : mg+ `{iuuh (uyp) E}y;fs; - K];ypk;> ,g;Dkh[h.

#hpad; Nkw;fpypUe;J cjpf;Fk; tiu me;j ehs; tuhJ. mt;thW cjpg;gij kf;fs; fhZk; NghJ <khd; nfhs;thHfs;. Mdhy; mJ vtUf;Fk; <khd; gadspf;fhj NeukhFk; vd;W egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : mG+ `{iuuh (uyp) E}y;fs; - GfhhP> K];ypk;> ,g;Dkh[h.

me;j gj;J milahsq;fspd; kpf gpujhdkhd %d;W milahsq;fs; Vw;gLkhapd; <khd; nfhs;tJ $l gadspf;fhJ vd;gjpypUe;J me;j milahsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Ghpayhk;.

15-(1)Gif %l;lk;

thdk; njspthd Giffis ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba ehis vjpHghHg;gPuhf! mg;Gif kdpjHfisr; #o;e;J nfhs;Sk;. ,J fLikahd Ntjidahf mike;jpUf;Fk;.. (my; FHMd; 44:10-11).

cq;fs; ,iwtd; cq;fSf;F %d;W tp\aq;fisg; gw;wp vr;rhpf;fpwhd;. mtw;wpy; xd;W Gif %l;lk;> ,J xU (,iw tpRthrpia) [yNjh\k; gpbg;gJ Nghy; gpbf;Fk;. (,iw kWg;ghsiu) gpbf;Fk; NghJ mtd; Cjpg;Nghthd;. mtdJ nrtpg;giw topahf Gif ntspg;gLk;. ,uz;lhtJ (mjprag;) gpuhzp> %d;whtJ j[;[hy; vd;W egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : mG+ khypf; (uyp) E}y; - jg;uhdp.

kWik ehs; tug;NghfpwJ vd;gij vLj;Jf; $Wk; ngUk; milahsq;fspy; xd;W. thdpypUe;J Gif tUtjhFk;. me;jg; Gif G+kpapy; trpg;Nghiuj; jhf;Fk;. ,jpy; ,iwtid ek;gp thOk; K];ypikAk; me;jg; Gif jhf;Fk;. Mdhy;> mjd; %yk; [yNjh\k; mile;jhy; Vw;gLk; rpuk msTf;Nf %/kpd; ,Ug;ghd;. Mdhy; ,iwtidg; Gwf;fzpj;J tho;e;jtHfis me;jg; Gif neUq;Fk;NghJ mij mtHfs; Rthrpj;jJk; tapW Cjp clYk; ngUj;J fhJ topahf Gif tUtJ njhpAk;. fLikahd Nrhjidahf mJ mikAk;. ,e;j Gif %l;lr; Nrhjid tUkhapd; kWik ehs; neUq;fp tpl;lJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ jhd;.

16-(2)mjprag; gpuhzp

mtHfSf;F vjpuhd jPHg;G cWjpahFk; NghJ ,g;G+kpapypUe;J xU gpuhzpia ehk; mtHfSf;fhf ntspg;Lj;JNthk;. mg;gpuhzp mtHfSld; NgRk;. (,jw;Ff; fhuzk;) kf;fs; ek; trdq;fis ek;ghky; ,Ue;jJ jhd; (my; FHMd; 527:82).

#hpad; Nkw;fpypUe;J cjpg;gJk;> ez;gfy; Neuj;jpy; me;jg;gpuhzp kf;fSf;Ff; fhl;rp jUtJk; Muk;g milahsq;fshFk;. ,t;tpuz;by; vJ Kjypy; Njhd;wpdhYk; mijf; njhlHe;J mLj;jJk; Njhd;wp tpLk; vd egp (]y;) $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : mg;Jy;yh`; ,g;D mk;U (uyp) E}y; - K];ypk;.

kWikapd; milahsq;fspy; xd;whf mjprag;gpuhzp xd;W tUk; vd;W my;yh`;;Tk;> egp (]y;) mtHfSk; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;. me;jg; gpuhzp G+kpapypUe;J jhd; tUk; vd jpUf;FHMd; $WfpwJ. thdpypUe;J my;y> vd;w cz;ikNahL me;jg; gpuhzp jpBnud tUk; vd;Nw my;yh`;tpd; J}jH (]y;) $Wfpd;whHfs;.

kdpjHfs; ,Jtiu fz;L nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba gpuhzpfspy; NrHe;jJ my;y vd;gJ kl;Lk; tpsq;f KbfpwJ. mjd; tbtk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij njspthf ekf;Fj; njhptpf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk;> mJ NgRk; gpuhzpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij kl;Lk; tpsq;f KbfpwJ. NgRk; gpuhzpahf mJ ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; mJ mjprag; gpuhzpahfTk; MfpwJ.

me;j mjprag; gpuhzp te;J tpl;lhy;> kWikapd; mLj;j milahsKk; clNd te;J tpLk; vd;Wk; egp (]y;) mtHfs; $WfpwhHfs;. mjprag; gpuhzp gw;wp ehk; ek;g Ntz;LNk jtpu> mjd; tbtk; mJ NgRk; nkhop gw;wp fw;gid nra;J nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. mJ gfy; Ntisapy; tUk; vd;gjhy; mij me;j Neuj;jpy; ,Ug;NghH fhzyhk;> Ngryhk;. mg;gpuhzp tUk; Neuj;jpy; kf;fspy; ,iw ek;gpf;ifaw;wtHfNs mjpfk; ,Ug;ghHfs;.

17-(3)Nkw;fpy; #hpad; cjpg;gJ

mjpraj;jf;f milahsq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. kdpjd; ,ayhj xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ #hpad; Nkw;Nf cjpj;jhYk; cjpf;Fk; mJ elf;fhJ vd;ghHfs;. me;j msTf;F #hpad; Nkw;Nf cjpg;gJ vd;gJ ,ayhj fhhpak;> Mdhy;

#hpad; Nkw;fpypUe;J cjpf;fhky; kWik ehs; Vw;glhJ. mijf; fz;lJk; kf;fs; (,iwtid) ek;GthHfs;. Mdhy; mjw;Fk; Kd;Ng ek;gpf;if nfhs;shky; ,Ue;NjhUf;F mg;NghJ nfhs;Sk; ek;gpf;if gadspf;fhJ vd;W egp (]y;) mtHfs; $wpdhHfs;. mwptpg;ghsH : mg+ `{iuuh (uyp) E}y; - GfhhP 6506.

kWik ehspd; neUf;fj;jpy; Nkw;fpypUe;J #hpad; cjakhFk;. #hpad; fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J cjpj;jhy; vd;d elf;FNkh> mJjhd; Nkw;fpypUe;J cjpj;jhYk; elf;Fk; vd;W fUjptpl KbahJ. ,e;j khw;wkhd epfo;T> ngUk; gaq;fuj;ij epfo;j;jp tpLk;.

G+kp> #hpaidr; Rw;wp tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,uT gfy; Vw;gLfpwJ vdg; Ghpe;J itj;Js;Nshk; kzpf;F Mapuk; iky; Ntj;jpy; ,e;j G+kp Rod;W tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjp jPtpu Row;rpapd; NghJjhd; #hpad; fpof;fpy; cjpf;fpwJ. jpBnud me;j Ntfr; Row;rpia epWj;jp vjpH jpirapy; Rw;w itj;jhy; jhd; #hpad; Nkw;fpy; cjakhf KbAk;.

ek; gazk; nra;J nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba fhH 80 fpNyh kPl;lH Ntj;jpy; nry;fpwJ. mg;nghJ ek; biutH jpBnud gpNuf; Nghl;lhy; ehk; fhhpypUe;J J}f;fp vwpag;gLNthk;> my;yJ fhNu jiyfPohff; ftpOk; mNj fhH mNj Ntfj;jpy; jpBnud gpd;Ndhf;fp Xbdhy; vd;dthFk;?  tpgj;J Vw;gLk; vd;gijr; nrhy;yj;jhd; Ntz;Lkh? Nkhrkhd tpisT Vw;gLk; my;yth?

,J khjphpNa G+kpapd; Row;rp jpBnud vjpH jpiria Nehf;fpr; Rod;W> #hpad; Nkw;Nf cjpf;Fkhdhy;> ehk; thOk; fl;blq;fs; nehWq;fp tpOk;. kiyfs; $l J}s; J}shfp tpLk;. midj;jpd; nray;ghLfSk; ,juf; Nfhs;fSk; jiyfPo; khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfp cyfNk Nguhgj;jpYk;> NguoptpYk; rpf;fpr; rPuopAk;.

,g;gb XH mjpHit mjpHr;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; #hpad; Nkw;fpy; cjakhfpd;w epiyAk;> kWik ehspd; milahsq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

,d;\h my;yh`; tsUk; ....


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